Dragons, Divs, and the Simurgh: Mythical Creatures in Persian Folklore

Persian folklore brims with legendary creatures that reflect the region’s rich tapestry of belief, myth, and artistic tradition. From fearsome dragons to malevolent Divs and the majestic Simurgh, each being embodies timeless themes of chaos versus order, wisdom, and the interplay between the human and the divine. Join us on a journey through these three iconic creatures, their origins, tales, and enduring cultural impact.

1. Dragons (Azhdaha): Serpents of Chaos and Challenge

In Persian myth, dragons—often called Azhdaha—mirror elemental fury and chaos. Unlike Western dragons that hoard treasure, Persian dragons are primeval forces that heroes must overcome:

• Origins & Role: Emerging from primordial darkness, Azhdaha symbolize drought, disease, and the untamed wild.

• Epic Encounters: Legendary figures like Esfandiyar and Zal battle these serpentine beasts. In some versions, Alexander the Great (Sikandar) faces a dragon during his eastern conquests .

• Artistic Depictions: Persian miniatures show Azhdaha as long, sinuous creatures with scaled bodies and clawed feet. Their colorful patterns convey both beauty and terror, often painted alongside heroic figures in illuminated manuscripts.

Dragons remind us that order and civilization must be won through bravery and sacrifice.

2. Divs: Demons of Deception and Strife

Divs (from Middle Persian dēw), akin to demons or ogres, represent moral corruption, envy, and temptation. Rooted in Zoroastrian dualism, they serve the dark spirit Ahriman:

• Characteristics: Divs vary in color and size—white Divs embody cunning, red Divs represent wrath, and black Divs embody despair.

• Ferdowsi’s Narratives: In …